On Intent and the Validity of Sacraments

Random Notes

Introduction

On the part of an adult recipient (“subject”) of a sacrament, there are certain dispositions required not only for the fruitfulness of the sacrament, but also for the valid reception of the sacrament. This is commonly called the ‘intention of the subject.’ This is distinct from the intention of the minister that is frequently invoked in Catholic theology within the tripartite division of ‘matter, form, and intent.’

The reason why this is left out of the common enumeration of necessary conditions for the validity of sacraments is for the same reason that ‘minister’ is left out of the common enumeration. Just as a unique minister is not necessary for each and every sacrament (e.g., a layman can baptize, but not ordain), so also the subject’s intention is not necessary for each and every sacrament (e.g., infant baptism). Yet, it is quite important for many sacramental questions, such as the invalidity of Anglican Orders, the practice of annulments, etc.

Hence, e.g., someone baptized against their will is not only illicitly baptized, but also invalidly baptized: “He who never consents, but inwardly contradicts, receives neither the matter nor the sign of the sacrament…the sacramental operation impresses the sign, when it does not meet the resisting obstacle of a contrary will.” (Pope Innocent III, D 411)

Yet, what is the extent of the intention required on the part of the adult subject for the validity of the sacraments?